The 1582 Map of the Earth Construct and Beyond by Antonio de Saliba – Part 2

Greetings beautiful souls! It is my honor to share the translation of the 1582 Map of the Earth Construct and Beyond by the cartographer Antonio Saliba of Malta. To explore the map in detail, visit https://kartenspeicher.gbv.de/item/hab_mods_00007813. Note that the content of this map does not necessarily reflect my worldview.

This is a highly informative map packed with texts and figures. To make it easier to follow, I will outline the overall layout of the main texts in Italian and English, starting from the upper left corner to the lower right corner of the map:

– Texts within the orange box is a letter from Antonio Saliba to Marcantonio Colonna, the Viceroy of Sicily, expressing Saliba’s admiration for the Viceroy and offering the map as a token of appreciation.
– The first paragraph starting with “Questa Machina del Mondo,” which translates to “The Machine of the World,” provides an introduction to the Earth construct and the worlds beyond, in relation to the elements, the planets, and their motions.
– The following paragraphs are organized according to the realms and themes indicated in the title.

  • Of The Earth and of Hell – Della Terra E Dell’inferno
  • Of The Demons and of The Torments Suffered by Souls in Hell – De I Demon Il E Delle Pene Che Patiscono L’anime Nell’inferno
  • Of The Limbo of Children – Del Limbo Di Fanciuili
  • The Third Circle Is Purgatory – Il Terzo Cerchio È Il Purgatorio
  • On The Punishments And The Fire Of Hell And of Purgatory – Delle Pene, Efuoc Dello Inferno, E Del Purgatorio
  • On Limbo, Which In Ancient Times Was The Place of The Holy Fathers – Del Limbo Che Antichamente Fu’di Padri Sancti
  • In That Part And Place of Hell Where The Soul of Christ Descended – In Cie Parte E Luogo Dell’ Inferno Discese L’anima Di Christo
  • The Seven Ages of The World – Sette Sono Le Eta’ Del Mondo
  • On The Sea, And On Its Salinity – Del Mare, E Della Sua Salsedine
  • On The Air, Its Parts, And The Regions Described By Philosopher – Dell’ Aria, Esve Parti Dette Da Filosofi Regioni
  • On The Effect That The Sun Produces On The Earth, The Sea, And The Air: Dell’ Effetto Che Fà Il Sole Nella Terra Nel Mare E Nell’ Aere
  • Second Region Of The Air: Seconda Reggione Dele Aria
  • Remedies Against Lightning Bolts: Li Rimedii Contra Le Saette
  • Third Region of The Air: Terza Reggione Dell’ Aria
  • On Comets and other Similar Fiery Phenomena: Delle Comete Et Altre Simili Impressioni Ignite

– After translating the main texts, I will go into the texts within the main image, starting with those in the four corners with the depiction of the suns and the moons, then moving into the inner layers.

In part 1, we start with the map title, the letter, and the introduction.

In part 2, we will explore:

  • Of The Earth and of Hell
  • Of The Demons and of The Torments Suffered by souls in Hell
  • Of The Limbo of Children
  • The Third Circle Is Purgatory
  • On The Punishments and The Fire of Hell and of Purgatory

OF THE EARTH AND OF HELL

The globe of the Earth in circumference, according to the greater part of writers, is 31 thousand 500 miles, and its diameter, that is to say its thickness, is 10 thousand miles and 22 miles; and its semidiameter, that is from the center of the Earth to its convex surface, is 5 thousand and 11 thousand miles. This semidiameter is divided into four parts and places, or let us say, with more clarity for the readers, circles, in such a manner that the concavity of the one embraces and encloses within itself the convex surface of the other. And the first, lesser circle, which is lower (and none other), is the center of the Earth. This place is properly called Hell, which means “the lower place.” Of this the holy and sacred Scripture gives testimony, saying descendit ad inferos (*Note: this Latin phrase means “He descended to the underworld”). The second circle is the Limbo of children, who die without baptism. The third place is Purgatory, where souls are purified of their sins. The fourth is the Limbo of the Holy Fathers, called the Bosom of Abraham. But now this place no longer exists, for it has been transferred to the Empyrean Heaven, called the eternal rest of the Elect of God.

DELLA TERRA E DELL’INFERNO

Il Globo della Terra in giro, secõdo la maggior parte dè Scritori, è 3i. milia migglia, e 500. et il suo diametro cioè la sua grossezza è 10. mila miglia, c.22 miglia et il semidiametro, ch’ è del centro della. Terra fin alla sua cõvessa supficie, è 5. milia et 11 milia miglia, questo Semidiametro si sparte in 4. parti e luoghi ò dir vogliamo con più inteligẽza  di lettori, cerco di sorte tale, che la cõcavità dell’uno abbraccia, e rachiude in se la superficie cõvessa dell’altro, e quello primo cerchio minor chè più basso, altro no, è che cẽtro della Terra. Questo luoco propriamẽte si chiama inferno, che suona cosa inferiore; del che vende testimonio la sacra, e sãcta Scrittura, dicẽdo discẽdit ad inferos, il, 2. cerchio, è il limbo d’ifãciuldi, che muoiano senza batesimo; 3. luogo è il Purgatorio, dove si purgano l’Anime delli loro pecati, il 4, è il limbo di Santi Padri detto il seno de Abramo, anti camẽte, oggi questo luoco non viè mà è trãferito nel Cielo Empireo, detto riposo eterno de gli Eletti di Dio.

OF THE DEMONS AND OF THE TORMENTS SUFFERED BY SOULS IN HELL

All those demons who were cast out of Heaven with Lucifer, their Prince, were confined beneath the Moon, in different places, by divine dispensation and as a punishment, since they did not all sin equally, but one sinned more gravely than another. Therefore, they were sent farther from Heaven, each according to the gravity of their sin, and were banished to different places.

Some remained in the sphere of fire, and these are called fiery spirits. Some in the air, and these aerial spirits sometimes move storms, by divine will—sometimes in the air, others dwelling here among us, always around us continually, inciting us in various ways to sin.

Others are called earthly spirits, who, when it pleases God, cause earthquakes. Another part is confined in the center of the Earth, and these are called dark spirits who hate the light, dwelling in perpetual darkness in Hell, tormenting the wretched souls who are condemned in the eternal fire, in such a way that they will never find respite from their torments, and they are always in death without ever hoping for death.

As it is written: “They will call upon death, and death will flee from them.”
And as Saint Gregory says: “For the wretched there will be death without death, an end without end; for there, death always lives, and the end always begins, and pain never ceases.”

And the Prince of these dark demons, who is more wicked than all the rest, is Lucifer, chained in the center of Hell, as is seen here.

DE I DEMON IL E DELLE PENE CHE PATISCONO L’ANIME NELL’INFERNO

Tutti quei Demony, i quali furono scacciati cõ Lucifero lor Principe dal Cielo, sonostati cõfinati sotto la Luna, in diversi luoghi, per dispẽsatione divina, e per aro essercitiò per che nõ ugualmẽte peccorno, ma l’uno peccò più gravemẽte dell’altro, per cio furono mãdati l’una dall’altro piu, lontani dal Cielo, e secõdo lagnaveza del peccato lovo, sono stati più da luoghi discacciati, parte sono rimasti nella sfera del fuoco, e questi sono detti Spiriti ignei, parte mollare, e questi Arei partte parte nel mare, e questi per voluntà divina alcuna vota muoveno tempestà, tal hora nel Aeria, un altra parte habita qui cõ essonoi, e senpre ci stan ditorno, e del cõtinovo, ei stimola diversamẽte à peccare, e sidimãdano Spiriti terrei, i quali quando a Dio piace fano i Terremoti, un altra partte è cõfinata nel cẽtro, della Terra, e questi sono chiamati Spiriti tenebrosi, i quali hano in odio la luce, stano in perpetua oscurità nel Inferno, a tormẽtare le misere anime, che danãte sono nel fuoco eterno, in modo che gia mai haverãno fireil’or tormẽti, e senpre hano morte senza sperar morte. Vocabũt morte, et mors fagiet ab eis: Doue S. Grego: dice, erit miseris mores sine morte, finis sine fine, nam mors ibi sẽper vivit, et finis sẽper incipit, et dolor deficere nescit, et il Principe di questi tenebrosi Demony, che solo peggiori di tutti gli altri, è il Lucifero incatenato nel mezzo del Inferno, come quì si vede.

OF THE LIMBO OF CHILDREN

The second circle is the Limbo of children, who are confined there for Original Sin, not having been baptized; and there they do not suffer the punishment of sense, but only the punishment of loss, which is not to see the face of the Lord God, since they are not members of Christ, neither by baptism nor by faith. And there are no demons there, since they are the instruments of Divine justice for the punishment of sense, which is not found in the limbo of children; nor do suffrages or prayers help them.

DEL LIMBO DI FANCIUILI

Il secondo cerchio è il Limbo di Fãcuilli, i vi vistreti per lo peccato Originale, nõ essẽdo batezzati, et ivi nõ hanõ la pena del sẽso, ma solo la pena del dãno, che è il nõ veder la faccia del S. Idio, per che nõ sono mẽbra di Christo, nè per battesimo, nè per fede; ne ivi sono Demoni, essẽdo essi insturmẽto della Divina givstitia alla pena del sẽso, la quale nõ è nel limbo diputti, nè giovano à questi li soffragy, nè le orationi.

THE THIRD CIRCLE IS PURGATORY

The third circle is purgatory, where sins are purged with such ardor and punishment as no greater can be imagined; yet the souls who are there feel great consolation and benefit from good works, which are done for them; and in this way in particular they are freed from that most burning fire through alms, prayers, fasts, and other such intercessions, as Saint Gregory rightly says.

IL TERZO CERCHIO È IL PURGATORIO

Il terzo cerchio è il purgatorio, dove si purgano i peccati cõ tãto ardore, e pena quanto immaginar nõ si può magiore; però quelle aie, che ivi sono, sẽtino gran cõsolatione, e giovamẽto per le buone opere, che per loro si fanõ in questo mõdo particolarmẽte si liberano da quel fuoco ardentissimo per le ele Mossine, Orationi, digiuni, e pregbi aisti, e simili suffragy, come ben dice San Gregorio.”

ON THE PUNISHMENTS AND THE FIRE OF HELL AND OF PURGATORY

The same fire and punishments that are in Purgatory are also in Hell, in regard to the essence and nature of the fire and its effect. But they differ in this: that the fire of Hell burns eternally, while that of Purgatory burns for a time. The fire of Hell sustains itself in its own substance, but the fire of Purgatory is elemental and mixed, and is sustained in alien and earthly matter, such as charcoal, iron, lead, sulfur, and the like.

The fire of Hell is dark, shadowy, and burns souls without end; the fire of Purgatory is bright, shining, and purges souls from sins, and adorns them so that, cleansed and beautified, they may fly to Heaven. The fire of Hell, however, is all sulfur, stench, and foul odor. Hence Joel says: “Their stench shall ascend”; and David: “Upon sinners he will rain snares, fire and brimstone, and the spirit of storms shall be their portion.”

The fire of Hell, being real, does not torment souls by a mode of infusing (as some theologians say), but by a mode of detaining and binding, that is, by holding and constraining the spirits and souls—not by the natural power of fire in itself, but as an instrument of divine justice in those eternal punishments. It does not need nourishment as does our earthly fire, which, lacking matter, is at once extinguished. For the breath of the Lord, like a torrent of sulfur, keeps it ever alive and burning, as Isaiah says: “Nor does that fire of Hell need nourishment, because God has given to it such a nature.” And it burns some more, some less, according to the weight of sin, as Saint Gregory says: “It is one and the same fire of Hell, but not all sinners are tormented in the same way; rather, each one feels so much punishment as his fault deserves.”

The fire of Hell is real, and truly and intentionally burns the bodies of the damned, which nevertheless are not consumed in that eternal fire. The cause of this is the virtue and justice of God, which separates one action of fire from the other—since by their nature they are inseparable, as burning and consuming. Yet this we see by experience: for fire both burns and consumes, and nonetheless the justice of God separates one effect from the other. Nor should this be marveled at, since we see it in the burning bush of Moses, which burned and yet was not consumed, and in the three youths, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, in the fiery furnace, who felt neither pain nor harm, because God had taken away from the fire the action by which it might hurt them.

Saint Gregory says: “It will torment, and yet not be extinguished; it will kill, and yet ever live; it will end, and yet remain without end.” Hence the least punishment of one single moment of time in Purgatory is, without any comparison, greater than all the kinds of punishments that a man could have in this world. And thus Saint Augustine says: “Here burn, here cut, but spare in eternity.” For in comparison with that of Hell and Purgatory, our fire is like fire painted on a wall compared to real and natural fire.

DELLE PENE, EFUOC DELLO INFERNO, E DEL PURGATORIO

Il medesimo fuoco, e Pene, che sono nel Purgatorio sono nello Inferno, in quanto alla essẽza, e natura del fuoco, e suo effetto: mà diferiscono ĩ questo, che quello dello Inferno eternalmẽte bruscia, è quel del Purgatorio à tempo, quel dell’Inferno si mãtiene da sé i stesso nella sua prospiam, ma quel del purgatorio è Elemẽto, et misto, e si mãtiene in ma, aliena, e terrestre, come in carbone, inferno, et in piombo, in zolfo, et simili: quello dell’Inferno è oscuro, tenebroso, bruscia l’aĩe sẽza fine; quello del Purgatorio è chiaro, lucido, purga le aĩe dà i peccati, el’ abbellisce, acciò che abbellite, e purgate volino al Cielo, è quello dello Inferno è tutto zolfo, puzza, fetore, Onde dice Ioele, ascẽdet fetor eique; et Davit, pluet super peccatores lagueos ignis. Sulphur, et spiritus proccellary eius; quello del Inferno essẽdo reale, nõ tormenta le aĩe per modũ in fluẽtis (come dicono i Theologi, sed per modũ detinẽtis, et allegãtis, cioè, tenẽdo, et allegãdo i spiriti, et le aĩe, nõ come fuoco nature, e per propia virtu, mà come instrumẽto della divina Giusta, in quelle pene eterne: nõ hadibisogno di nutrimẽto come questo nostro fuoco, che mãcandogli la materia subito si spegne: per che il fiato del Signore come un torẽte di Zolfo sempre il mãtiene vivo, et ardẽte come dice Isaia. Nec ignis ille Inferni nutrimẽto in diget: quia deus talẽ ei naturã indidit: et brugia à chi più, et à chi meno secõdo la gravezza dl peccato: come dice Grego. S. Unus gdem ẽ ĩgis Inferni, sed nõ uno modo omes cruciat peccatores, sed unus guisg in quãtũ exigit culpa, tãtũ sentiet poenã; il fuoco del Inferno è reale, e realmẽte, et intẽtionalmẽte bruscia i corpi di dãnati i quali nõ ficõsumano in quel fuoco eterno, la cagion di ciò è la virtù, e giusta Divina quelle separa una attione del fuoco dall’altra, esẽdo per lor natura in separabili, come è il brusciare, et il cõsumare, il che si vede pesperiẽza: per che il fuoco brugia, è cõsuma, nõ dimeno la giusta; di Dio separa l’uno dall’altro, né di ciò, si dee maravigliare, poi che si è visto nel Roveto di Mosè, il quale si brusciava, e nō si cõsumava et i tre figlioli Sidrab, Misac, et Abdenagò nella fornace ardẽte, i quali nõ sẽtivano ne dolore ne lesion alcuna: per che Idio haveva sottrata l’attiõ del fuoco, che nõ gli offẽdesse. San Grego. dicercruciabit, et nõ extiguetur, morietur, et sẽper vivit, finietur, et sine ma nebit; la onde la minima pena de un momẽto ditẽpo, che s ha nel Purgato, è maggiore sẽza cõparatione alcua di tutte le sorti dipene, che l’huomo potesse havere in questo mõdo: però dice S. Augustino, hic ure, hic seca, et in aeternū parce: che questo nostro fuoco in comparatione di quello dell’Inferno e del Purgatorio, è aguisa del fuoco pinto al muro, al vero e natural fuoco.


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